Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Sustainability and the Green Supply Chain Essay

Manageability and the Green Supply Chain - Essay Example This can be supported concerning the way that contemporary associations mean to create green gracefully chain related technique so as to continue in this serious scene and in this manner, protect their initiative situating. The thought of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is regularly distinguished as the key property in such estimates applied by contemporary associations, on a very basic level portrayed as â€Å"the procedure of utilizing naturally cordial data sources and changing these contributions to yields that can be recovered and re-utilized toward the finish of their lifecycle in this manner, making a feasible gracefully chain† (Cognizant, 2008). It merits referencing that a maintainable flexibly chain is ordinarily seen as a sole substance rather than an arrangement of divided constituents that include different noteworthy perspectives, for example, assembling, obtainment and circulation among others (Rushton and et. al., 2010). It would thus be able to be obvious ly seen that the focal point of a manageable GSCM is to help current associations through expanded client esteem, benefit alongside by and large profitability and accomplishing better serious situating over their main business showcase members (Christopher, 2012; Wisner, 2011). The significant features of a practical GSCM incorporate defending nature, esteem creation, encouraging advancement in each operational system of the association, shaping just as creating viable interrelation with each hierarchical part and limiting any kind of risks that are probably going to emerge while performing various operational capacities. Exceptionally referencing, the cutting edge associations will in general organize framing a practical GSCM, inferable from certain noteworthy advantages that it conveys to them in this current globalization and innovative period. These advantages are generally perceived as upgraded brand picture, diminished coordinations, fabricating or other related costs, advance d assembling techniques, extension to new business advertises and created SCM process among others (Morana, 2013; Dai, 2011; Cognizant, 2008). With this worry, the exposition expects to depict the basic part of supportability and green flexibly chain by thinking about a specific genuine association, which has a worldwide profile. In such manner, BP plc has been taken into worry as the association. The significant worries of manageability alongside green gracefully fasten identifying with BP plc have additionally been depicted in this paper. A Brief Background of BP plc BP plc, which was once in the past recognized as British Petroleum, is as of now viewed as one of the chief worldwide oil and gas organizations all through the globe. The organization leads its operational capacities in various countries, utilizing a significant number of faculty that remained at almost 85,900 during the year 2012 (BP plc, 2013). The organization primarily manages different sorts of business capacitie s running from conveying fuel to clients for transportation, vitality for light alongside warmth and oils for keeping assorted sorts of machines to petrochemical items that are utilized for planning every day things (BP plc, 2013). The strategic the organization is to turn into an overall head in the separate business. The organization centers after keeping up specific qualities that are instituted as one group, regard, security, greatness and regard so as to accomplish its foreordained business targets (BP plc, 2013). Surveying its ongoing supportable techniques, it has been perceived that BP is frequently viewed as one of the notable brands, which has been working since its initiation in the nineteenth century. One of the significant qualities of the organization can be obviously seen in wording that it

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Down East Spud Busters National Distribution Program Research Paper

Down East Spud Busters National Distribution Program - Research Paper Example Since the organization needs to improve its deals and catch an enormous market, the business partner will be required to buckle down towards persuading most business elements that can purchase the items. The business partners can have their working places in every district and ought to get input from the customers concerning the results of deals administrations. The HR approaches and methods ought to be changed to join the new system of circulating the items. The organization hopes to sell in a few areas utilizing deals partners. Approaches ought to remember limitations for item stockpiling, taking care of, and the board of focus stores. Strategies should control the business partner on how they will deal with the provincial places and dissemination of the items. The organization ought to build up a portfolio showing the abilities experience and characteristics required in a business partner to assist it with accomplishing its objectives. This will manage its enlistment (Bateman and Snell, 2013). Enterprises that could utilize this model are; the horticultural business, the car business, and Food and refreshment industry among others. A frozen yogurt maker could utilize this model and get such huge numbers of clients. The equivalent applies to a pastry specialist. Some staple notwithstanding, can't be conveyed as such, the model can even now be executed is stores are developed in explicit districts like most cafés have done. Another model is the retail business.

Friday, August 21, 2020

The Starving Students Guide to Cooking For Yourself

The Starving Student’s Guide to Cooking For Yourself Motivation In my last post, I mentioned that I came to MIT never having cooked before in my life, and immediately chose a cook-for-yourself dorm.  A few people asked me to elaborate about what non-meal-plan life is like. So here, by popular demand (okay, like 6 prefrosh contacted me.  My standards for popular demand are low), is a basic guide for those newbies who want to start cooking at MIT. Motivation The most basic meal plan available to freshmen (The Basic 14)*  costs $3915 per year, or $130 per week; thats around $12 per dinner and $6.60 per breakfast.  Its also use-it-or-lose-it  ; that means that if you skip breakfast (which you inevitably will do over the course of a semester), that days dinner effectively now costs you $18.60.  That also means that if, say, you want to go out with friends to a restaurant for dinner instead of eating at the dining hall, you can effectively tack on $12 to the price of your restaurant meal. This isnt even taking into account lunch, which the basic meal plan doesnt cover. You can do better than that.  Cook for yourself, eat tastier (and healthier) food, and save money.  A weeks groceries costs me around $60, and thats because I like seafood and steak.  You could easily get your grocery bill below $50 per week if youre willing to forgo fancier meals.  Either way, thats a savings of at least $70 per week, or $1050 per semester.  Or, in more relatable teenager-money-terms, thats the equivalent of a new Macbook Air per semester. What about time?  It takes me around 20 minutes total a day to cook dinner and clean dishes.  That means for every hour of cooking, youre saving $30.   Plus, youre learning a fairly valuable life skill. Motivated yet? *theres an Any 14 meal plan available, but it also costs $515 more per year Gear Youll need: a chefs pan (I prefer it to a regular frying pan because its deeper and can hold more sauce, etc), a saucepan (for cooking pasta/rice), a chefs knife, a paring knife, and a spatula.  Total one-time cost if you get those things off Amazon (Ive linked to the stuff I have): around $95.  If your dorm has communal cookware, your costs will be lower (I prefer having my own pan people dont tend to be very gentle with nonstick pans). Optional but recommended: a honing steel to maintain your knifes edge.  Working with a dull knife is not fun (and pretty dangerous).   Groceries Most people get groceries at Shaws; its a few blocks up Massachusetts Ave.  I build my weekly grocery list around proteins; so for dinner I might have chicken 2 days a week, pork 2 days a week, shrimp 2 days a week, and steak once a week.  Generally, in order of increasing cost: chicken, pork, shrimp=steak. For veggies, Im lazy so I usually get a box of baby spinach or romaine lettuce.  No cutting involved just rinse the leaves and throw em into the pan.  Also: mushrooms, onions, potatoes, tomatoes. For carbs, I usually get pasta because its fast and easy and I like Italian food.  Rice takes longer and is harder to get right on the stovetop. Basil and garlic are easy ways to add flavor. Easy Recipes The USDA recommends cooking chicken to 165 °F, eggs and ground meat to 160 °F, beef and pork to 145 °F. This, of course, means very little to the starving student without a food thermometer.  As a rule of thumb: cook chicken and ground meat until its cooked through.  Cook pork until theres a touch of pink left.  Cook steak however rare you want it; I prefer rare to medium rare.  Please dont cook your steak until its well done.  You might as well be chewing leather at that point. And that would make me sad. Also, I cook everything on high-ish heat, because Im too impatient to wait for food to cook.  If youve got more time you probably should cook on lower heat; its gentler on your pan. Omelette (~7 min total) For breakfast, I keep it simple (read: am too groggy to cook anything fancy).  Just throw some eggs into the frying pan, along with whatever veggies youve got.  I like mushrooms, onions, bell peppers, and tomatoes.  If youve got basil (pronounced bah-sil, by the way. silly yanks always get it wrong), chiffonade it  and add it, because basil makes everything better.  Add some turkey ham if you want. 1. Chop up veggies (or chop them beforehand to save time).  Add some olive oil to your pan and throw the veggies in, stirring for a minute or so.  Dont season or beat your eggs yet. 1a. Put some toast in the toaster, if you like some carbs with breakfast. 2. Now add your unbeaten eggs to the pan, and immediately start scrambling them in the pan.  This results in a nice fluffy egg (props to Gordon Ramsay for that tip. beating your eggs too early tends to make them a bit watery). 3. When the eggs are still a bit runny, take the pan off the heat.  Theres enough residual heat in the pan to finish cooking the eggs.  Pop the toast out of the toaster. Done. Steak (~6 min cooking time; requires just a little preparation the night before) For when you want to be a little fancy, get a New York strip steak (by the way the meal plans so expensive that you could cook a NY strip steak every night and still save money.  Just sayin.).  For other times, get lesser cuts of beef.  Just make sure the steaks at least an inch thick; any thinner and itll be difficult to avoid overcooking it. 1. The night before, season your steak liberally with salt, pat the salt into the steak, and put the steak back in the fridge (trust me on this.  MIT alum J. Kenji López-Alt has done a lot of experimenting). 2. Take your steak out of the fridge at least 45 minutes before cooking.  If you cook it immediately after taking it out of the fridge, it wont heat evenly.  Season liberally with pepper. 3. Get your pan hot, hot, hot.  Add some vegetable oil (dont use virgin olive oil it cant handle the high heat.  Regular olive oil is what I use). 4. Lay the steak down into the pan, and.dont touch it.  Seriously, dont touch it; you want the surface to develop a nice seared crust, and moving the steak around will mess with that.  After ~3 minutes (for an inch-thick steak), flip it over, and cook another 3 minutes.  Around two minutes into the second side, add a bit of butter and crushed garlic to the pan, and then tilt the pan until your steak is basting in that buttery garlicy goodness. (these cooking times are for medium-rare steak.  for medium, add a minute or so to each side.  dont even think about well done). 5. When the steaks done to your liking (use the hand test to check doneness), take it out of the pan and let it rest for 5 minutes before cutting. 6. Cut and serve.  Sparkling apple cider goes well with steak. Done. Shrimp Scampi (~10 min total) Fun fact: scampi is a type of large shrimp.  So shrimp scampi means shrimp shrimp. Shrimp scampi is one of those great last-minute meals that tastes pretty fancy.  All you need is some (peeled and deveined) shrimp, butter, 3 cloves of garlic, half an onion, a lime, and some chicken stock.  I like my scampi with angel hair pasta. 1. Boil water for your pasta.  (I always forget this step and end up cooking everything before the pasta is ready.  So dont forget.  Sorry for being so bossy.) 2. Melt 2 tbsp of butter and a little olive oil in your pan.  Add onions and garlic, stirring for a minute or so until it smells really good. 3. Add shrimp, stirring for a few minutes until both sides are cooked.  Squeeze in lime juice, add half a cup of chicken broth, salt and pepper to taste. 4. Add angel hair pasta to boiling water.  When al dente, drain and add pasta to skillet.  Toss. 5. Add basil to be fancy. 6. Attempt and fail to do Gordon Ramsay pose because you cant keep a straight face. 7. Take goofy group photo after cooking. Done.  Have fun cooking, guys!  If youre looking for some cooking inspiration, Gordon Ramsays show  The F Word has some great videos on YouTube.  Im also a big fan of The Pioneer Woman.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Subprime Mortgage Crisis Devastated The Global...

Writing Assignment #2 Financial Market Yuxue Zhang The 2008 subprime mortgage crisis devastated the global financial market. People believed that the â€Å"Big Three† credit rating agencies played a significant role at various stages in the crisis. The Reuters, in an article published in 2011, even claimed that credit rating agencies triggered financial crisis. The Reuters believed that Moody’s Corp and Standard and Poor’s action of downgrading the rating on complex mortgages securities triggered the worst financial crisis in decades. However, the problems of rating agencies have existed for quite a long time and accelerated the crash down in some extend. Therefore, besides the â€Å"trigger†, I regard the credit rating agencies as the†¦show more content†¦Investors assume the credit rating agencies, which full of experienced finance experts, can present a trust worthy and correct rating of credit risks. By implementing the external credit rating information, excessive trust in the system of cre dit rating agencies weakens investors’ risk management practices. Therefore, when those big, authoritative rating agencies rate those subprime mortgages as AAAs, investors put more money in the subprime market and expected to make big money. At first, the investors did make a lot of money in subprime investments, and they invested more and more, until they saturated the market. When the analysts in credit rating agencies eventually realized the bubble of the subprime market and they began to downgrade large amounts of mortgage securities, it was too late. When people saw the decline of subprime market and an abrupt downgrading of mortgage securities, the investors panicked and the market crashed. The rating from credit rating agencies accelerated the flourish of subprime mortgage market at the beginning, and eventually pushed the process of the financial crisis. Then, why people should not trust the credit ratings? In the year 2007, Moody downgraded over 5,000 mortgage securi ties. The downgraded mortgage-backed securities were totaled to $1.9 trillion; some securities that had

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Experiments Are Done Using Testing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1395 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Biology Essay Level High school Topics: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? Experiments are done using testing of many different species. Scientists use humans to determine certain things about society and use animals to test products, medications, or diseases. Such experiments can be ineffective or unnecessary due to these animals not even being able to attract the same diseases or disorders as many humans. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Experiments Are Done Using Testing" essay for you Create order With that being said, I argue that animal testing should not be tolerated under any circumstance because they are cruel and unreliable testing methods. Moral theories such as Utilitarianism and Deontology relate to the topic of animal testing and help me to enforce this movement. In this paper, I argue that the utilitarian stance on animal testing provides a superior argument about animal testing over the moral theory of deontology. John Stuart Mill wrote Utilitarianism and is known as one of the most influential theories on society even 150 years after it was written. Utilitarianism or the Greatest Happiness Principle is defined, in The Ethical Life: Fundamental Readings in Ethics and Moral Problems, as, actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness, (Mill 98). The most important part of this theory, I believe, is that to achieve the goal of happiness in a utilitarianism aspect, is to not only achieve the happiness of just the agent, but all of those who are concerned. This means that in a situation where more than one being, or living thing, alls happiness must be taken into consideration and accounted for. In an NCBI article titled Utilitarian and Deontological Ethics in Medicine, discusses utilitarian and deontological approaches that deal with conflicts and complications in medical ethics. It states, In the utilitarian approach, decisions are chose based on the greatest amount of benefit obtained for the greatest number of individuals. It continues on to say, According to rule utilitarianism, a morally right decision is an action complying moral codes/rules leading to better consequences, (Mandal Ponnambath Parja paragraph 3). It is important to understand how the definition of utilitarianism emphasizes the importance of focusing on the happiness of all those that are concerned and not only the specified agent. Immanuel Kant discusses good will and categorical imperative using deontological ethics in The Ethical Life: Fundamental Readings in Ethics and Moral Problems. Though he does not specifically define deontology in the text, it is defined by an Ethics Unwrapped article from the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas as, an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong. This theory is associated with Kant because he believed that ethical actions that are seen as morally correct are related to moral laws such as refraining from lying, stealing, or cheating. In the textbook, Kant discusses how we could act morally as a society and enforce good will overall. He sets out two tests for morally acceptable action, one being, actions are morally acceptable only when the principles that inspire them can be acted on by everyone consistently, and the second being a requirement to, treat humanity always as an end in itself, and never as a mere means. With these things being said, it is hard to determine the true definition of good and all of the abstractions that can come from these definitions. Both moral theories help me to argue against the subject of animal testing in different ways. Utilitarianism is discussed in an extensive article titled, Animal Rights Theory and Utilitarianism: Relative Normative Guidance. Gary Francione uses this article to explain animal rights along with utilitarianism while discussing the pros and cons of both topics. I will be focusing mainly on the cons of animal testing and the pros of utilitarianism as it pertains to the subject in order to build and shape my argument against animal testing. Peter Singer has his own utilitarian theory that are similar to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, them being utilitarians as well. Singer believes that the consequences of the contemplated act are the ones that matter as opposed to those that follow. Francione writes, Pleasure and pain matter because they are a part of what humans and nonhumans desire or prefer or seek to avoid. In Animal Liberation, Singer argues that in assessing the consequences of our actions, it is necessary to take the interests of animals seriously and to weigh any adverse affect on those interests from human actions as part of the consequences of those actions. I believe the most important part of this sections of the article is how Singer believes speciesism is discrimination just as sexism or racism is. This is an important part of my argument because this stresses how if we are not able to discriminate against humans, what makes it right to harm or take the lives of animals? Humans are not of a higher power over any other species and were never personally given the right to take the lives of other living things unless it was a necessity to survive. One may argue that animal testing is done in order to allow humans to endure a longer life by finding ways to cure cancer or other life-threatening diseases, but with the technology that has evolved, we must use those resources to prevent health and medical issues instead of taking the lives of other species. The article continues on the say, For Singer, the rightness or wrongness of conduct is determined by consequences, and not by any appeal to right. Francione then writes, Singer opposes most animal experimentation, only because he thinks that most animal experiments produce benefi ts that are insufficient to justify the animal suffering that results. This is also an important part of the article because this helps to emphasize how animal testing does not have an end result of happiness for all of those concerned. The Hastings Center Report from The Ethics of Animal Experimentation and Research, written by Strachan Donnelley and Kathleen Nolan explored the complex ethical issues surrounding animal testing in depth. With deontology focusing solely on the immediate decision of whether an action is good or bad, ignoring the following consequences, Tom Regan is a contemporary deontologist that believes animals have a significant moral status and that any animal testing or experimentation is immoral and must be avoided at all costs. The article reads, The deontological emphasis on respect and justice for the individual often underlies the judgment that it is wrong to be callous or casual about the use of animals even where those attitudes dont result in actual harm, (Donnelly Nolan 6). This is important to understand because deontology explains that even if there is no harm caused during the process of animal testing, it is still immoral to act on them for experimentation. Personally, I believe the utilitarian argument against animal testing is a better argument. In the article I used to create my deontological argument, Donnelly and Nolan also discussed the utilitarian views. It reads, Probably the most common justification is that the benefits gained from such research far outweigh the suffering of experimental animals, (Donnelly Nolan 4-5). It continues to say on page 5 that, Unless one is prepared to argue that animals simply lack the capacity for morally relevant interests and desires, any consistent form of utilitarianism that includes pleasures, suffering, or interests in its account of good must accord sentient animals a significant moral status. Overall, the utilitarian argument is a better argument as opposed to deontological theories because the definition on its own speaks for all species. Anyone who is involved must be accounted for in any action to promote happiness in utilitarianism while deontology focuses on good or bad actions without focusing on the following consequences. If animal testing was to be done to find a cure for cancer, and the animal ended up losing its life, a deontologist would say that the decision was good or moral because they found a cure for cancer and did not focus on the animals life following the experiment. A utilitarian would make the decision to not test on the animal because it would cause the opposite of happiness for all species or living things involved. I personally believe that the human species should refrain from acting on animals for the sake of their own species. The utilitarian position provided a clear and concise argument against animal testing while deontology leaves a lot of unanswered questions.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Vital Pieces of Buy Dissertation

Vital Pieces of Buy Dissertation The earlier you made a decision to purchase dissertation, the more affordable the price tag you will receive. Dissertation is that task that takes a whole lot of time. Regardless if you purchase dissertations to reference from our business, you can be certain our writers will pay close attention to your instructions to be sure you receive all the pieces you want to get a terrific final item. Purchasing a dissertation is the simplest and most practical method to escape deadline issues. Important Aspects and Structure Systematic and structured format is a valuable part of dissertation to entice the eye of readers. At any time you place a custom made dissertation order or buy dissertation from us, don't hesitate to speak to us for any queries about the customized dissertation. When you purchase a custom made dissertation from us, you will be astonished at how well they can analyze all the required data and compact it into an in-depth and well-wri tten dissertation. A dissertation has a rather specific format and quite a specific sequence of production. The 30-Second Trick for Buy Dissertation Fortunately, because of the connectivity of the web, you can get an expert dissertation online and skip the anxiety! When you purchase dissertation or buy thesis with our dissertation assistance, you know that we're able to provide you a good product. Be certain you do not copy anything from the prior dissertation and take minimal data possible. A dissertation is extremely different from the rest of the varieties of assessments. Buy Dissertation for Dummies To compose a great dissertation isn't an easy job to do, especially in regards to contributing something completely new to the business of science you're working in. Your professor isn't going to offer you extra time to complete the thesis, and thus, you should give it to a professional. Regardless of what level of study you're doing your dissertation writing for, it's not s omething which can be taken easily. If you purchase dissertation now, you will resolve all your issues and save more time to get ready for the oral defense or complete different assignments that you get at the university. The Basic Facts of Buy Dissertation Don't forget your dissertation is to be catchy and supply the audience with a completely new view on the problem you're managing. Select a topic you find interesting since it will keep you engaged. The dissertation help you get will be unique, so we'll listen to your requirements and calculate a personalised quote for your undertaking. Getting help for an assignment like a dissertation is a severe undertaking. Whatever They Told You About Buy Dissertation Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why There's no simpler way to order a customized dissertation model written so quickly and tailored to your specific needs. You purchase the well-formatted bit of writing, which will contain all essential chapters, every one of which is writte n the proper way. In order to provide you with exactly what you're looking for, we will want to understand as much as possible about the type of dissertation you require. Since a dissertation is so vital, it goes without saying that you wish to submit simply the maximum quality of writing in your work. The Advantages of Buy Dissertation The text is going to be written by a specialist, and it'll help you fetch excellent marks. At any time you buy a dissertation with us you don't need to order the full item simultaneously. You receive a preview of your essay and ask to produce corrections if necessary. The Hidden Facts About Buy Dissertation When you are in need of a dissertation or thesis, pick the most trusted, custom-writing service in the business to aid you. In instance, you do not know how to approach, you can acquire dissertation aid in UK from dissertation writing service in UK. Should you need dissertation help service you will need to make sure you hire only the fine st and the most competent writers. With so many writing services out there, you may be overwhelmed attempting to obtain a thesis service or dissertation writing service which is genuine. You can additionally get dissertation assistance from dissertation writing servicessuch asUniresearchers, where you could purchase dissertation online. You're welcome to look at the explanations for why you should order your dissertation from us. If you purchase dissertation from us, we'll do everything we can to allow it to be perfect! You can attempt to compose your dissertation or thesis and struggle with something which is new and hard for you. Writing a significant work without dissertation writing assistance is surely a time-consuming affair. Essay writing is a little simple than dissertation writing. Writing a dissertation may well be overpowering. Whether you wish to obtain a single chapter like an abstract or literature review, or a full dissertation, we will provide just what you want. A dissertation has become the most important and the lengthiest academic paper that's written by students who need to attain the greatest degrees in academia and begin building a thriving academic career. There are a few students, who don't understand the format of the undertaking. Dissertation writing is getting a prerequisite skill to your successful completion of their studies. It is the most challenging task for most of the students towards the end of degree especially if a student is under pressure and the submission date is quickly approaching. The Meaning of Buy Dissertation Dissertation may be purchased by you from the site. Also, don't forget that if you require assistance with dissertation writing, you might purchase dissertation on-line uk. Buy dissertation from our site to make your studies easier.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Karl Marx and Max Weber free essay sample

Sociology stands on the foundation established by the two of many theorists, Max Weber and Karl Marx. However, it has not endured the same over the past few years. The United States has progressed in Sociological Theory and research, for the better. In this paper I intend to compare and contrast two theorist of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Karl Marx and Max Weber have a lot of similarities and differences through capitalism, their view through economy, and lastly their religion. Karl Marx was born on May 5th 1818, in the city of Trier, Germany. Marx, as a seventeen year old, went to the University of Bonn to major in Law. While Marx was still in school he became engaged to a woman named Jenny Von Westphalen. Jenny’s father, Baron Von Westphalen, gave him ideas to research and get involved with Romantic Literature and Saint-Simonian politics, not much later Marx had relocated by his own father to the University of Berlin where he studied Hegelianism influenced by Ludwig Ferbach and many other Hegelians. We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Max Weber or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was so grateful for G. W. F Hegal’s dialectics and mental thought of philosophy of Law. Later on in 1841, Marx finally earned his doctorate over the materialism and Atheism of Greek god atomists. The author claims that Marx saw civil Society as the sphere to be studied in order to understand the historical development of human kind (European graduate school). Another important theorist was Max Weber. Born in 1864 Germany.